Following the first year of clinical training, fellows begin a concentrated mentored-research project across a variety of areas and learn essential research tools and methods to prepare them for future careers as ID physician-scientists. Clinical responsibilities are minimized during this time to ensure they are successful in their research pursuits. NIH-sponsored (T32) institutional training grants and formalized training programs support 1-3 years of additional training depending on the track pursued. Formalized research pathways are available in: